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________. 1967b. Voice from Conakry: broadcasts to the people of Ghana made in Conakry between March and December 1966 on Radio Guinea’s "Voice of the Revolution". London: Panaf Publications Ltd.

________. 1969a. Dark days in Ghana. New ed. New York: International Publishers. Original edition n.p. by author, 1968.

________. 1969b. Handbook of revolutionary warfare: a guide to the armed phase of the African revolution. First United States ed. New York: International Publishers. Original edition n.p. by author, 1968.

________. 1970a. 12 key speeches of Kwame Nkrumah. Compiled by G. K. Osei. London: African Publication Society.

________. 1970b. Africa must unite. New ed. New York: International Publishers. Original edition by the author, 1963.

________. 1970c. Class struggle in Africa. New York: International Publishers.

________. 1970d. Consciencism: Philosophy and ideology for de-colonization. First Modern Reader Paperback ed. New York: Modern Reader Paperbacks. Orignial edition by the author, 1964.

________. 1973a. Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah. Panaf ed. n. p.: Panaf. Original edition: New York, Nelson, 1957.

________. 1973b. I speak of freedom. Panaf ed. London: Panaf. Original editions New York: Praeger; London: Heinemann; Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press; 1961.

________. 1973c. Revolutionary path. 1st U.S. ed. New York: International Publishers.

________. 1973d. Towards colonial freedom: Africa in the struggle against world imperialism. Panaf ed. London: Panaf. Original edition: London, Heinemann, 1962.

________. 1976. Live Recorded Speeches of Kwame Nkrumah. Compiled by J. Botchway.  P.O. Box 10677, Accra-North, Ghana.

________. 1990. Kwame Nkrumah the Conakry years: His life and letters. Compiled by J. Milne. London and New Jersey: PANAF.

________. 1997a. Selected speeches of Kwame Nkrumah. Vol. 1, 2d ed., compiled by J. Obeng. Accra, Ghana: Afram Publications. Original edition: 1979.

________. 1997b. Selected speeches of Kwame Nkrumah. Vol. 2, 2d ed., compiled by S. Obeng. Accra, Ghana: Afram Publications. Original edition: 1979.

________. 1997c. Selected speeches of Kwame Nkrumah. Vol. 3, compiled by S. Accra, Ghana: Afram Publications.

________. 1997d. Selected speeches of Kwame Nkrumah. Vol. 4, compiled by S. Obeng. Accra, Ghana: Afram Publications.

________. 1997e. Selected speeches of Kwame Nkrumah. Vol. 5, compiled by S. Obeng. Accra, Ghana: Afram Publications.

Secondary and Tertiary Works:

Adamafio, T. 1982. By Nkrumah’s side: The labour and the wounds. Accra: Westcoast Publishing House; London: Rex Collings.

Abdul-Raheem, T., ed. 1996. Pan-Africanism: Politics, Economy and social change in the Twenty-first century.  New York: New York University Press.

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Adom, H. 1991. The Role of Ghana in African Liberation and Unity, 1957-77. Ph.D. diss., Temple University.

Afari-Gyan, K. 1993. Nkrumah’s ideology. In The life and work of Kwame Nkrumah: Papers of a symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, ed. K. Arhin, 161-175. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

Agyeman, D. K. 1993. Social and political outlook. In The life and work of Kwame Nkrumah: Papers of a symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, ed. K. Arhin, 146-157. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

Agyeman, O. 1992. Nkrumah’s Ghana and East Africa: Pan-Africanism and African interstate relations. Rutherford, Madison, Teaneck: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; London and Toronto: Associated University Presses.

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Ajayi, J. F. A., ed. 1989.  Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s. Vol. 6, General History of Africa by UNESCO. Paris: UNESCO; Ibadan, Nairobi: Heinemann; California: University of California Press.

Akpan, M. B. 1985. Liberia and Ethiopia, 1880-1914:  the survival of two African states. In Africa under colonial domination, 1880-1935. Vol. 7, General History of Africa, ed. Boahen A. Paris: UNESCO; Ibadan, Nairobi: Heinemann; California: University of California Press.

Alexander, H. T. 1966.  African tightrope:  My two years as Nkrumah’s Chief of Staff.  New York:  Praeger.

Annex to Protocol No. 10:  General Act of the Berlin Conference.  The Scramble for Africa:  Documents on the Berlin West African Conference and Related Subjects 1884/1885, compiled, edited, and translated from the French and German by R. J. Gavin and J. A. Betley.  Ibadan, Nigeria: Ibadan University Press, 1973, p. 288.

Ansah, P. A. V. 1993. Kwame Nkrumah and the mass media. In The life and work of Kwame Nkrumah: Papers of a symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, ed. K. Arhin, 83-100. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

Appiah, J. 1990. Joe Appiah: The Autobiography of an African Patriot.  New York: Praeger.

Apter, D. E. 1972. Ghana in transition.  Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Arhin, K., ed. 1993a. The life and work of Kwame Nkrumah: Papers of a symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

________. 1993b. The search for “Constitutional Chieftaincy.” In The life and work of Kwame Nkrumah: Papers of a symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, ed. K. Arhin, 27-51. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

Asamoah, O. 1993. Nkrumah’s foreign policy 1954–1966. In The life and work of Kwame Nkrumah: Papers of a symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, ed. K. Arhin, 231-247. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

Asante, K. B. 1993. Nkrumah and state enterprises. In The life and work of Kwame Nkrumah: Papers of a symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, ed. K. Arhin, 251-271. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

Asante, M. K. 1987. Afrocentric Idea. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

________. 1992. Kemet, Afrocentricity and knowledge. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

________. 1993. Malcolm X as cultural hero & other Afrocentric essays. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

________. 1994. Location Theory and African Aesthetics. In The African Aesthetics, ed. by K. Welsh-Asante, 53-62. Westport, Connecticut; London: Praeger.

________. n. d. Unpublished paper

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Balmer, W. T. 1969. History of the Akan peoples of the Gold Coast. New York: Negro Universities Press. Original edition, n. p.: Atlantis Press, 1925.

Batsa, K. 1985. The Spark: Times behind me from Kwame Nkrumah to Limann.  London: Rex Collings.

Bing, G. 1968. Reap the whirlwind: An account of Kwame Nkrumah’s Ghana from 1950 to 1966. London: MacGibbon & Kee.

Birmingham, D. 1998. Kwame Nkrumah: The father of African nationalism. Revised edition.  Original edition: 1980. Athens: Ohio University Press.

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Cabral, A. 1973. Return to the source: Selected speeches by Amilcar Cabral.  Edited by Africa Information Services. New York and London: Monthly Review Press with Africa Information Services.

________. 1979. Unity and struggle: Speeches and writings. Compiled by PAIGC, trans. by M. Wolfers.  New York and London: Monthly Review Press.

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Chinweizu. 1975. The West and the rest of us: white predators, black slavers, and the African elite. New York: Vintage Books.

Dadson, J. A. 1993. Agricultural development strategy under Nkrumah. In The life and work of Kwame Nkrumah: Papers of a symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, ed. K. Arhin, 307-317. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

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Davidson, B. 1973. Black Star: A view of the life and times of Kwame Nkrumah.  London: Allen Lane.

________. 1984. Africa: Mastering a continent--program 3.  Produced by John Percival and directed by John Percival, Christopher Ralling, Andrew Harries. 57 min. Home Vision. Videocassette.

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________. 1968. Wretched of the Earth. First Evergreen Black Cat edition. Translated by Constance Farrington. New York: Grove Press, Inc.

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Hadjor, K. B. 1988. Nkrumah and Ghana: The dilemma of post-colonial power. Introduction by J. K. Tettegah. London and New: Kegan Paul International.

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________. 1993b. Nkrumah’s leadership style: An assessment from a cultural perspective. In The life and work of Kwame Nkrumah: Papers of a symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, ed. K. Arhin, 177-206. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

Haizel, E. A. 1993. Education in Ghana, 1951–1966. In The life and work of Kwame Nkrumah: Papers of a symposium organized by the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, ed. K. Arhin, 53-81. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, Inc.

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Kanu, G. 1982. Nkrumah the man: A friend’s testimony. Enugu, Anambra, Nigeria: Delta.

Keto, C. T. 1994. The African Centered Perspective of History. Chicago, IL: by the author.

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